The hull of a boat is the body of the boat that rides both in and on top of the water. Boats are built for a variety of purposes and the shape of their hulls plays a significant role in their functionality. There are two main types of hulls: displacement hulls, which displace water, and planing hulls, which ride on top of the water. The shape of a hull affects a boat's speed, comfort, maneuverability, storage, and deck space. For example, flat-bottomed hulls are very stable and great for fishing, while round-bottomed hulls are less stable and tend to roll in waves. V-shaped hulls are the most common type of hull for powerboats and provide a smoother ride through choppy water. Multi-hulled boats, such as catamarans and pontoon boats, are some of the most stable on the water but require more room to steer and turn.
Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Definition | The hull is the body of a boat that rides both in and on top of the water. |
Number of Types | 4 common types, 10 types in total |
Parts | The upper edges of the hull are called the gunwales, the cross-section of the stern is the transom, and the lowest point is the bilge. |
Function | The hull's shape determines whether it displaces water or rides on top of it. |
Design | Hulls can be flat-bottomed, round-bottomed, V-shaped, or multi-hulled. |
Performance | Hulls affect speed, comfort, maneuverability, storage, and deck space. |
Use Cases | Flat-bottomed hulls are stable and great for fishing; round-bottomed hulls are smooth but unstable; V-shaped hulls are common for powerboats and provide a smoother ride; multi-hulled hulls are stable but require more room to steer. |
What You'll Learn
Hull identification numbers
A Hull Identification Number (HIN) is a unique serial code used to identify individual vessels. It is analogous to a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) on a motor vehicle registration. The Hull Identification Number makes it easy to look up a boat's history by hull number.
The Hull Identification Number was established by the U.S. Federal Government in 1972 and is required for all boats manufactured or imported on or after November 1, 1972. Vessels manufactured or imported before this date are exempt from this requirement. The HIN is normally used during the boat registration process and should be included on any bill of sale. It is also necessary to provide the HIN to register a boat with your state department of motor vehicles, along with your boat title.
The HIN is a 12-digit alphanumeric serial number that is permanently affixed to the boat. The first three characters are letters that make up the Manufacturer Identification Code (MIC) assigned by the U.S. Coast Guard. The next five characters are a unique serial number assigned by the manufacturer, which can be a combination of letters and numbers, excluding "I," "O," and "Q" to avoid confusion. The 10th character indicates the month of manufacture, while the 11th character indicates the year of certification. The 12th character indicates the boat's model year.
The primary HIN is typically located on the upper right of the boat's transom. However, for boats without a transom, the HIN can be found near the starboard outboard side, within a foot of the stern or two inches on the top of the hull side. Most boats also have a secondary HIN located in an unexposed area, in case the primary HIN plate goes missing.
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Hull types: displacement and planing
There are two primary categories of hulls: displacement hulls and planing hulls. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and is suited to different uses.
Displacement Hulls
Displacement hulls are designed to move through the water with minimal propulsion. They have a large underwater profile and ride smoothly, albeit at slower speeds. The bottom of displacement hulls is typically rounded, with ballast positioned low in the centre. When stationary, these rounded hulls tend to roll with the waves and swells. Displacement hulls are commonly found in large ships, trawlers, and traditional recreational sailboats. They are also prevalent in sailing boats, slow-moving vessels, and large watercraft such as cruise ships.
Planing Hulls
Planing hulls, on the other hand, are designed to rise and ride on top of the water's surface when power is applied. They require more horsepower to get the boat going but can attain significantly higher speeds due to reduced friction. Powerboats and personal watercraft often feature planing hulls, allowing them to skim across the water at higher velocities. These hulls exhibit characteristics of displacement hulls at lower speeds but transition to a planing state at around 15-16 mph, depending on design and weight.
Choosing the Right Hull Type
The choice between a displacement or planing hull depends on the intended use of the boat. Displacement hulls are ideal for larger boats or leisurely activities on calm water, while planing hulls excel at high-speed travel. Additionally, within each category, there are various hull shapes, such as flat-bottomed, round-bottomed, V-shaped, and multi-hulled, each offering unique benefits and drawbacks.
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Hull shapes: flat-bottomed, round-bottomed, V-shaped, multi-hulled
Flat-bottomed Hulls
Flat-bottomed hulls are very stable and are great for activities like fishing on calm, small bodies of water. They are also ideal for shallow waters, such as rivers, because of their shallow draft. Flat-bottomed hulls are simple to construct, making them a popular choice for boat-building hobbyists. However, they are less stable in choppy water, as they travel on the water instead of through it.
Round-bottomed Hulls
Round-bottomed hulls are typically found on displacement hull boats, like canoes. They are designed to move smoothly through the water with little effort. However, a drawback of this design is that it is less stable in the water and can capsize more easily. Therefore, extra care is needed when entering, exiting, and loading these boats.
V-shaped Hulls
V-shaped hulls are the most common type of hull for powerboats. They are planing hulls, designed to ride on top of the water at high speeds and provide a smoother journey through choppy water. V-shaped hulls usually have larger engines than flat or round-bottomed boats.
Multi-hulled Boats
Multi-hulled boats can have either planing or displacement hulls, depending on the shape of the hull and the size of the engine. They are some of the most stable boats on the water. However, they require more space to steer and turn. Common examples of multi-hulled boats include catamarans (two hulls) and trimarans (three hulls). Multi-hulled boats are wider and require wider dock/slips, which is why they are less common in the US.
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Hull parts: gunwales, keel, bilge
The hull of a boat is designed to either displace water or ride on top of it, which is called planing. The design of a boat's hull will depend on its purpose and the type of boat it is. For example, sailing boats, slow-moving boats, and large boats like cruise ships have displacement hulls, while smaller, faster boats like powerboats or personal watercraft have planing hulls.
Now, let's delve into the specific hull parts mentioned: gunwales, keel, and bilge.
Gunwales
The gunwale is the upper edge of a boat. In modern saltwater fishing boats, such as bay boats and skiffs, gunwales serve dual purposes. They provide housing for rod holders and also act as a walkway for passengers to move from the front to the back of the boat without stepping down. Wider gunwales offer added storage and structural integrity, as well as making boarding from above easier. When boat shopping, experienced buyers tend to avoid models with thin or small gunwales.
Keel
The keel is a flat blade that extends down into the water from the bottom of a sailboat. It has two main functions: preventing the boat from being blown sideways by the wind and holding the ballast that keeps the boat upright. Keels are typically made from the same material as the boat, such as fibreglass, aluminium, or wood, and the ballast is usually made of lead. Traditional boats have graceful keels built into the shape of the hull, while modern sailboats often use "fin" keels, which are high-performance, low-drag appendages.
Bilge
The bilge is the bottom of the inside of the hull, where water can collect for various reasons, such as rain, spray, leaks, or wash-down water. A bilge pump is used to remove this water. Most boats do not have a bilge pump large enough to prevent sinking in the event of a catastrophe, such as a large hole in the hull. However, it can buy time for repairs, calling for assistance, or preparing to abandon the boat. Bilge pumps should be installed at the lowest point in the bilge, and they should be accessible for inspection and maintenance.
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Hull speed: how it's affected by water resistance
The speed of a boat is largely determined by its hull design and the resistance it encounters in the water. Hull speed, or displacement speed, is the velocity at which the wavelength of a vessel's bow wave equals the waterline length of the boat. As a boat gains speed, the wavelength of its bow wave increases, and its crest-to-trough dimension (height) typically follows suit. When hull speed is surpassed, a boat in displacement mode gives the appearance of climbing up its own bow wave.
Hull speed is influenced by the shape and proportions of the hull, with the underwater form creating drag. A rectangular hull will generate more drag than a lozenge shape of a similar size, for instance. The amount of drag is also determined by the wetted area, or the amount of 'skin' that comes into contact with the water. A hull with more wetted area will experience greater total frictional resistance.
The shape of the hull also determines the stability of the boat. Round-bottomed hulls, for example, are typically a type of displacement hull, and they are designed to move smoothly through the water. A canoe is a good example of a round-bottomed hull. However, this design comes with a trade-off in stability, as they are prone to wobbling and capsizing. Flat-bottomed hulls, on the other hand, offer exceptional stability and can accommodate heavier loads. They are commonly found in small aluminium or fibreglass fishing boats, providing ample deck space for activities like fishing in calm waters.
V-shaped hulls are designed to slice through waves and provide a smoother ride in choppy waters. They are commonly used in powerboats and fibreglass motorboats, where larger engines can overcome the increased power needed to get these hulls onto a plane. Multi-hulled boats, such as catamarans and trimarans, offer excellent stability and can be either displacement or planing hulls depending on their shape and engine size.
In summary, hull speed is influenced by the design and shape of the hull, with different hull types offering advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, stability, and suitability for various water activities. The amount of drag and resistance encountered by the hull plays a crucial role in determining the hull speed and overall performance of a boat.
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Frequently asked questions
The hull is the body of a boat and is the portion that rides both in and on top of the water.
There are two main types of boat hulls: displacement hulls and planing hulls. Displacement hulls ride through the water, while planing hulls ride on top of it. Within these categories, there are several different hull shapes, including flat-bottomed, round-bottomed, V-shaped, and multi-hulled.
Displacement hulls are typically found on larger boats such as cargo ships, sailboats, and cruisers. They are slower-moving but quite steady and capable of carrying large loads. They tend to have a deep draft, which makes them easier to handle in rough conditions. However, they generate a lot of resistance, leading to a built-in speed limit.
Planing hulls are usually found on smaller, lighter, and faster boats like powerboats and personal watercraft. They can move much faster than displacement hulls, but they make for a bumpier ride and are more easily affected by gusts of wind.